DAY ONE EMPIRES IN COLLISION

Introduction to History 212

Dr. Schmoll

Why world history?

Most historical studies go the opposite way, requiring historians to study more and more focused periods of time and space. So why is there a push to study world history? Better said, what is the virtue of a world historical lens?

1. Bring about awareness that Europe and the U.S. are not all there is…

2. Comparative Analysis…

THEMES OF THE WEEK:

·   Empires in Collision

·   Disease

·   War

·   Empires of Faith

·   Human Movement

·   Technology and Industrialization

·   Nationalism

·   Revolts and Revolutions

·   Economic Globalization

Empires in Collision

How do you define empire? What constitutes empire?

Is it power, control, military, ideological, economic, sexual, racial?

What are the proper terms by which we should discuss an age of empires?

“Movement”

“Conquest”

“Discovery”

“Exchange”

“Destruction”

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (2011)

"It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future."

                     … Samuel Huntington

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

“By the time of Cortés' assault on the mainland, the Spaniards had created in the Caribbean a perfect base camp for that assault. When the conquistadors moved into Mexico, Honduras, Florida, and elsewhere, they carried smallpox and many other maladies, freshened by recent passage through the bodies of the Arawaks. The Spaniards rode on horses bred in the Antilles, and wardogs from the same islands trotted beside them. Their saddlebags were packed with cakes of Caribbean cassava. Behind the conquistadors, herded along by Indian servants, came herds of swine, cattle and goats all of which had been born in the islands. In the span of the first post-Columbian generation, the Spanish had created in the Caribbean the wherewithal to conquer half a world.”

               …ALFRED CROSBY

Today, we will discuss empires in

INDIA, AFRICA, and EUROPE.

1.        The Mughal Empire:  1526-1858CE

Agra and Delhi as capitals

Influential Mughal Emperors:

– Babur (1526-1530) The First of the Mughals

– Humayun (1530-1556) The Luckless Leader

– Akbar (1556-1605) The Great

– Jahangir (1605-1627) The Paragon of Stability

– Shah Jahan (1627-1658)  The Master Builder

– Aurangzeb (1658-1707)  The Intolerant

– Bahadur Shah Zafar (1775-1862) The Puppet

BABUR

ABU AKBAR

Fatehpur Sikri, 1571 to 1585

Akbar ended the tax on non-Muslims.

Akbar was a great military leader.

 (1868)

Mughal war elephants

Akbar and Godism:

Akbar took the policy of religious toleration even further by breaking with conventional Islam.

The Emperor proclaimed an entirely new state religion of 'God-ism' (Din-i-ilahi) - a jumble of Islamic, Hindu, Christian and Buddhist teaching with himself as deity.

Shah Jahan (1627-1658)   (The Master Builder)

Taj Mahal

How did this empire end?

Internal strife…

External pressure…

The great Mughal city of Calcutta

came under the control of the

East India Company in 1696.

Europeans and European - backed

by Hindu princes conquered most

of the Mughal territory in a few decades.

2.     Songhay/Songhai

Ibn Bututta

--travelled from 1325-1354

--75,000 miles            

In the 1400s, Songhay rose to power under Sonni Ali the Great, replacing Mali as the major power in the region.

Askia the Great (1442-1538) ruled over the Songhai.
After Sonni Ali's death, General Mohammed Ture, a devout Muslim, took power(in 1493).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vhx5OHfekk   (ahmed baba and Songhay)

How did the Songhay end?

In 1591 the Moroccan army invaded.

3.        QING

How is empire-building unique when it occurs overseas?

4.        Europe Invades the World:

Ferdinand Magellan:

     1519-1522

       The Spanish Conquest of Mexico

              1519-1521

Hernan de Cortes:

Montezuma II

Tenochtitlan: Capital of the Aztec Empire

Malinche interprets for the Spaniards when Montezuma meets Cortés.

Bernal Diaz del Castillo:

"I remember in the plaza where some of their oratories stood, there were piles of human skulls so regularly arranged that one could count them, and I estimated them at more than a hundred thousand. And in another part of the plaza there were so many piles of dead men's thigh bones that one could not count them; there was also a large number of skulls strung between beams of weed, and three priests who had charge of these bones and skulls were guarding them. We had occasion to see many such thing later on as we penetrated into the country for the same custom was observed in all the towns."

(account from the 1520s)

American Indian Population in North America:

                        1,894,350 in 1500

1 million in 1760

500,000 by 1900

MS  Biloxi          1650    1000 Mooney (1928) w/ Pascagoula,

MS  Biloxi          1698     420 total, per Swanton (1944)

MS  Biloxi          1720     175 total, per Swanton (1944)

MS  Biloxi          1805     105 total, per Swanton (1944)

MS  Biloxi          1829      65 total, per Swanton (1944)

OK  Biloxi          1908       6 to 8, total, per Swanton (1944)

OK  Biloxi          1910       0 this tribe is Extinct!

FL  Calusa          1650    3000 Mooney (1928) estimate

FL  Calusa          1680     960 passed through 5 villages

FL  Calusa          1839     250 warriors, that attacked Harney

FL  Calusa          1850       0 this tribe is Extinct!